Antifungal activity of epecific plant essential oils against fusarium graminearum

Fusarium graminearum (telemorph Gibberella zeae) is a major phytopathogen causing diseases in cereals with great economic impacts as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.). F. graminearum is a taxonomical member from the division Ascomycota, of the class Sordariomycetidae, the order Hypocreales. It is a hemibiotrophic fungus with asexual and sexual stages. The natural habitat for this species is soil, and the 24-32 oC is the optimal temperature range for F. graminearum [1,2]. This species, which was reported to be common in humidity regions in the past years, has now been spreading gradually due to global climate changes and has also been isolated from regions with different climatic characteristics. F. graminearum has been reported to be a major pathogen of head blight and crown rot of wheat, barley and maize (Figure 1) worldwide [3]. F. graminearum infections lead to serious economic losses and mycotoxin contaminations in cereal crops. The decrease in quality and quantity of cereals Summary


Introduction
Fusarium graminearum (telemorph Gibberella zeae) is a major phytopathogen causing diseases in cereals with great economic impacts as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.). F. graminearum is a taxonomical member from the division Ascomycota, of the class Sordariomycetidae, the order Hypocreales. It is a hemibiotrophic fungus with asexual and sexual stages. The natural habitat for this species is soil, and the 24-32 ºC is the optimal temperature range for F. graminearum [1,2]. This species, which was reported to be common in humidity regions in the past years, has now been spreading gradually due to global climate changes and has also been isolated from regions with different climatic characteristics. F. graminearum has been reported to be a major pathogen of head blight and crown rot of wheat, barley and maize ( Figure 1) worldwide [3]. F. graminearum infections lead to serious economic losses and mycotoxin contaminations in cereal crops. The decrease in quality and quantity of cereals

Summary
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most popular phytopathogens of cereals worldwide. F. graminearum is the major causal agent of head blight of wheat and barley. Disease-resistant cultivar development, antagonistic microorganism usage and fungicide treatment are the most common strategies in head blight management strategies. However, these methods have some important disadvantages. The use of plant-derived essential oil against F. graminearum seems to be a promising approach due to the recent researches. This review summarizes the potential use of essential oils to fi ght against F. graminearum.
F. graminearum is an important phytotoxin producer fungus. It produces several mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol and acetylated derivatives, nivalenol, zearalenone, fusarin C, and others [7]. The haploid chromosome number of this species is four (n = 4) and the genome size is approximately 36.1 Mb. It was also shown that the guanine-cytosine% content is % 48.33, the gene number was 13,701, and the exon number was 37,575. According to closely related species, such as Aspergillus sp., Neurospora sp., and Magnaporthe sp., high of levels Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of genes encoding these proteins was revealed via bioinformatics analysis. Currently, more than 10,000 records are located in EST databases [2,8].
In the struggle against F. graminearum, the development of pathogen-resistant plant lines, the use of antagonist microorganisms, and the use of fungicides have been frequently preferred. The use of fungicide is the most economical and the most common way along with these strategies. The use of the other two approaches remains limited. Fungicides are synthetic molecules that affect especially fungal growth via cellular processes. These agents prevent the natural compounds from binding their natural targets and inhibit biochemical processes. These important processes are composed of nucleic acid metabolism, cytoskeleton, respiration, signal transduction and sterol biosynthesis [9][10][11][12][13]. Currently, the high use of these fungicides, the increased use of aromatic hydrocarbons, and use in common of various fungicides worldwide, led to an increase in the levels of fungicide resistance in fungus [14][15][16]. Thus, the researchers have focused on the use of alternative agents.
Essential oils of aromatic, fragrant, and medicinal plants are used in diversity in industrial ield, with low or high levels of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In particular, qualitative and quantitative features are responsible for these activities of essential oils. Essential oil content produced by plants can be similar, as well as show great diversity. It is often observed that the same essential oil is produced as major or minor compound in different plants [17]. Eugenol, kaempferol, and camphor are some of these important plantderived antifungal agents for Fusarium spp. [18][19][20]. However, majority of the investigations related to antifungal effects of plant derived natural compounds include the usage of the mixtures including plenty of essential oils. Additionally, these researches have been mainly focused on in vitro growth capacity testes and chromatographic tests [21,22]. The limited investigations report the potential antifungal effects of speci ic-plant derived essential oils [19] with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of camphor as 1 mg/mL in F. graminearum. Similarly, approximately 1 mg/mL MIC value is reported from different investigations [18,20]. These investigations revealed physiological, morphological, genetic, and epigenetic alterations due to the potential antifungal effects of these speci ic plant-derived essential oils. However, these investigations have also restricted numbers of fungal species. These investigations do not provide detailed information about the precise mechanisms of plant-derived essential oils in inhibiting the radial growth rates of Fusarium spp. The detailed metabolomics, epigenomics, and genomics alterations information related to speci ic essential oil treatment still miss.

Conclusion
The increased resistance to common fungicide in F. graminearum revealed [16,23] the need for novel disease management strategies. The use of plant-derived essential oil mixtures provide remarkable results related to the antifungal properties of these compounds [17]. However, the composition of chemical molecules vary in plant species, and it is not possible to detect which molecule has the potential antifungal effect on F. graminearum. In this regard, speci ic essential oil usage seems to be a promising tool in further research related to head blight and crown rot disease management.