Comparison of clinical, chest CT and laboratory fi ndings of suspected COVID-19 inpatients with positive and negative RT-PCR

Abbreviations: COVID-19; Coronavirus Disease 2019; SARS-Cov-2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2; HT: Hypertension, DM; Diabetes Mellitus; CVDs: Cerebrovascular Diseases; RT-PCR: RealTime Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction; CT: Computed Tomography; ED: Emergency Department: COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CAD: Coronary Artery Disease; CHF: Congestive Heart Failure; CRF: Chronic Renal Failure; GGOs: Ground Glass Opacities; ALP: Alkaline Phosphatase; LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase; MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume; NLR: Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio; pro-BNP: pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide; INR: International Normalized Ratio; CRP: C-Reactive Protein WBC: White Blood Cell


Introduction
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, and it was irst reported in Wuhan province of China [1,2]. Despite precautions and restrictions, this disease started to spread all over the world after China and COVID-19 was accepted by the World Health Organization as a pandemic in March 2020 [1]. The severity of the disease varies from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia, respiratory failure and death and also risk factors such as advanced age, HT, DM and cardiovascular diseases increases mortality rates [3]. Patients with COVID-19 infection generally present with fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue and myalgia, but less frequently, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea may also occur [4]. A highly sensitive and quick diagnostic tests are needed since the symptoms are not speci ic to the disease and COVID-19 is rapidly progressing to pneumonia and severe respiratory failure [1,4]. Although RT-PCR test for viral nucleic acids in the diagnosis of COVID-19 is the gold standard method, the importance of chest CT is gradually increasing in the rapid diagnosis since RT-PCR can give false negative results [4]. Chest CT is widely used to make a diagnosis due to its high sensitivity up to 98%, although its ionizing radiation content causes reservations in physicians [4]. In hospitals where the suspected COVID-19 patients admissions are high, chest CT can be preferred as a problem solving method considering the risks. COVID-19 is a disease that causes respiratory infection, but multiple involvement including cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, immune and hematopoietic system has been demonstrated [5]. Currently, a clear consensus on the exact effect of COVID-19 on complete blood count, electrolytes, kidney-liver functions, coagulation parameters, arterial blood gas and cardiac tests. Therefore, the laboratory examinations can be affected by the average age of the patients, the severity of the infection, the presence of coexisting diseases, use of drug or alchocol, smoking status and multiple system involvement. Herein, we aimed to compare clinical features, chest CT indings and laboratory examinations of suspected COVID-19 inpatients according to RT-PCR analysis.

Study design and population
This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with approval of Ka kas University Medical Faculty Ethics Committee between March and June 2020. The study included 292 patients (134 females, 158 males) suspected of COVID-19 admitted to ED.
Nasopharyngeal sample was taken from the patients who were accepted as clinically suspicious and hospitalized by the physicians in the ED or chest CT was planned for them in terms of clinical signs. Patients aged 16 years or more, presenting with any of the weakness, fatigue, fever, arthralgia, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, cough, sore throat, chest pain, shiver, anosmia, ageusia, abdominal pain, xerostomia and loss of appetite were considered as suspected patients for COVID-19. A contact history of a patient with accurate COVID-19 diagnosis, healthcare professionals without using protective equipments for COVID-19, any people sharing with the same class, room, of ice, hotel and dormitory with COVID-19 patients, shaking hands or facing with the COVID-19 patients for more than 15 minutes in less than one meter distance, people travelled with the COVID-19 patients on the same plane (two front, two back, two right, and two left) within 14 days were included in the study. Verbal and written consent were obtained from all patients.
A nasopharyngeal sample was taken from all COVID-19 suspected patients included in the study, and then the patients were divided into two as positive and negative groups according to the RT-PCR results. Repeated tests for diagnosis were not applied to the patients. The COVID-19 diagnosis was con irmed by chest CT in patients who were symptomatic and had negative RT-PCR test results. Chest CT was not planned for any of the asymptomatic patients. Age, gender, history of contact with COVID-19, smoking status, vitals, comorbidites, symptoms and signs, laboratory results and chest CT indings were recorded and compared between positive and negative groups. The laboratory tests were analyzed within 2 hours after admission to ED including serum electrolytes, liverkidney-cardiac functions, complete blood count, coagulation parameters, in lammatory markers and arterial blood gas analysis.

Chest CT protocols
Chest CT images were obtained at the end-inspiration level with patients in supine position and arms were elevated. All patients' chest CT images were acquired by using a 16-slice Toshiba Alexion CT scanner (Toshiba Medical Systems, Nasu, Japan) with patients in supine position. The scanning parameters were as follow: tube voltage = 120 kVP, automatic tube current modulation (30-80 mAs), pitch = 0.93-1.43 mm, matrix = 512 x 512 slice thickness = 2 mm, ield of view = 370 mm x 370 mm. All axial images with slice thickness of 2 mm acquired with fast scan method.

Discussion
In the study, COVID-19 infection was diagnosed on the basis of chest CT indings, RT-PCR results and suspected patients were hospitalized without waiting for the results and treatments were started. Chest CT was negative in 59.2% of patients with positive RT-PCR results and 43.9% of patients with negative RT-PCR. Chest CT indings were atypical or indeterminate in 22.4% of patients with positive RT-PCR results and 20% of patients with negative RT-PCR test results. Chest CT indings were not normal in the majority of the patients who had negative RT-PCR (56.1%) and also the rate of normal chest CT indings was higher in patients with positive RT-PCR tests (52.9%). Chest CT may be a more  reliable diagnostic method to diagnose COVID-19 pneumonia.
In the study of Ai, et al. [7] positive RT-PCR rate was 59% and positive chest CT rate was 88% among all suspected COVID-19 patients. In the same study, the rate of abnormal chest CT among those with negative RT-PCR results was 75% and it was higher than our results [7]. In the study of Fang, et al. [8] the rate of abnormal CT indings compatible with COVID-19 at the admission of patients was 98%, and the positive RT-PCR rate among the same group was 70.6% [8].
We found that bilateral peripherally, lower predominant GGOs +/-consolidation, indeterminate, unilateral GGOs +/consolidation indings rate were higher between positive and negative RT-CPR groups. Ai, et al. [7] found that the most common chest CT indings consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia as consolidation (50%) and GGOs (46%), respectively. The distribution of pulmonary lesions on CT in COVID-19 pneumonia is generally located bilateral and peripheral [8]. The most common chest CT abnormalities in the study of Ding, et al. [9] about COVID-19 staging were GGOs, crazy-paving pattern, consolidation and linear opacities. Similarly, Fang, et al. [8] Long, et al. [10] and Ma, et al. [11] reported that GGOs in lower lobes (72%), GGOs with consolidations (52.7%) and GGOs (58%), respectively. Peripheral GGOs are the most common chest CT indings since the disease initially involves the terminal bronchi and alveoli, and abnormalities may vary at the stage when the disease is diagnosed. The incidence of common manifestations in our study was lower than these studies, which may be due to patients' late admission to the hospital or the effects of COVID-19 in different populations.
On the other hand, in the study ALP, direct bilirubine, total bilirubine, CRP, eosinophil count, glucose, CK-MB mass, lactate, LDH, MCV, monocyte, neutrophil count, NLR, platelet, pO 2 , pro-BNP, procalcitonin, INR, prothrombin time, troponin T, urea, WBC were signi icantly lower in patients with positive RT-PCR test results (p < 0.05). In our study, the normality rate of chest CT was higher among patients with positive RT-PCR results, while the normality rate was lower among those with https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jprr.1001019 RT-PCR negative. Obviously, CT is a more valuable method to diagnose, treat and follow-up for symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Therefore, the statistically low values of these blood parameters in the positive RT-PCR group cannot indicate that these values may be low in admission patients with COVID-19. In the literature, Cai, et al. [12] reported that COVID-19 patients diagnosed with RT-PCR had a signi icant increase in liver tests including ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, total bilirubin, and this higher level could predict the severity of the disease. In the study of Li, et al. [13] leukocyte count, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets were lower and hs-CRP was higher in COVID-19 patients diagnosed with RT-PCR and monocyte count, red blood cell and hemoglobin were similar to the control group. According to the severity of the symptoms, Zhu, et al. [14] divided the patients with COVID-19 into four groups: mild, moderate, severe and critical. Neutrophil %, NLR, ibrinogen and CRP were signi icantly higher and lymphocyte %, lymphocyte count and platelets were signi icantly lower in the severe group; pO 2 and pCO 2 were higher in the non-severe group; troponin I and pro-BNP did not indicated difference between the severe and non-severe groups. Bonetti, et al. [15] compared the patients who were hospitalized for COVID-19 as survivors and non-survivors. Blood glucose, AST, CK, LDH, urea, creatinine, high-sensitive troponin I, prothrombin time, INR, aPTT, d-dimer, CRP, ferritin, WBC and neutrophils were statistically higher and albumin, lipase and hemoglobin were lower in non-survivors. Although decrease lymphocyte, increased CRP and LDH are the most frequently determined laboratory abnormalities, de initive diagnostic markers of COVID-19 are not reported [16].
This single-centre study had some limitations. To begin with, the size of the patient population was relatively small and we did not determine accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 with RT-PCR, chest CT or speci ic laboratory parameter. The nonhomogenous indings of chest CT may affect the de initive results of the study. RT-PCR or chest CT is not suf icient to con irm the diagnosis, since the patients did not have a tissue biopsy.
In conclusion, the diagnosis is based on history of patient, typical symptoms or clinical indings. Chest CT, RT-PCR and laboratory abnormalities make the diagnosis of COVID-19 stronger.