Evaluation of the eﬀ ectiveness of transcranial electrostimulation in treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders

Objectives: Evaluation of the eﬀ ectiveness the method of transcranial electrostimulation in treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders with the use of a patches by the company “Aganyan”. Materials and methods: The study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, participated 106 patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. All participants in were divided into tables according to gender, age and diagnosis. Each subject was given the “Aganyan” patches and a special brochure, in which the method of application was indicated in detail. The wearable patch includes a ﬂ exible substrate, a binder an adhesive layer, with an electrode foil attached to it. Patients applied one patch behind each ear. The patches were applied for eight hours every third day for three months. To assess the eﬀ ectiveness of therapy in patients the following tests were used: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale; MMSE Scale: Concise Mental Status Scale; diaries of observation of the patient’s condition to identify side eﬀ ects; special brochures in which the subjects independently indicated the eﬀ ects of the “Aganyan” patches. Tests were performed before and after the use of the “Aganyan” patches. Results: When using the patches of the “Aganyan” company, none of the participants in the study had any side eﬀ ects; According to the results of the Montreal test according to the criterion of memory and the MMSE test, the eﬀ ectiveness of the patch was noted in patients with all clinical diagnoses. The greatest positive dynamics was revealed


Introduction
Today, among practicing specialists in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, the emphasis is exclusively on drug therapy. But don't forget about simple, affordable, safe methods of positive impact on the human body. One such technique is low-intensity transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS). Electrical brain stimulation (tDCS) is the effect of a weak direct current on the cerebral cortex through electrodes located on speci ic areas of the head [1,2].
tDCS is one of the neuromodulation techniques used in neuropsychiatry, also known as microstimulation therapy. Such an effect changes the physiological state of neurons, making them more or, conversely, less prone to excitation [3]. use of big equipment and electrical wires or power source is relevant for the treatment of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.
The research that we carried out was aimed at testing of the effectiveness the method of transcranial electrostimulation in treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders with the use of a patches by the company "Aganyan".
The main difference between the patches made by "Aganyan" and the existing methods of electrical stimulation, is that these patches are not connected to any power source or batteries. This study presents results of using "Aganyan" patches in treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The electrodes are made of different metals such as zinc and copper, and not connected to any electrical device such a voltage or current source. The difference in potentials causes electrons to low on the surface of the skin from one of the electrodes to another. In this sense, one of the electrodes can be considered as a cathode, while another electrode can be considered as an anode. The difference in potentials can be created only when the electrodes are of different metals. These ranges of voltages and electrical currents appear to be very safe for humans with no side effects whatsoever.

Material and methods
The study was carried out on the basis of the state polyclinic of the patronage service department of the city of Moscow for 90 days. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, participated 106 people. Placebo patches that looked identical to the "Aganyan" patches were used in 30 patients who did not take any medications during the study.
The study conducting 2 different doctors who the patch of Aganyan was applied in the patient's home registered the results of the procedure being carried out, made a statistical analysis and conclusions of the research. In order to avoid subjective interpretation of the results of the study, the doctors conducting the study were also not aware of which of the patients received the placebo and who was the Aganyan patch.
In order to avoid subjective interpretation of the results of the study, the doctors participating in the study were also not aware of which of the patients had received the placebo and who was the Aganyan patch.
The inclusion criteria were: -patients with con irmed diagnoses (migraine, insomnia, cerebrovascular disease: consequences of cerebral infarction, vascular dementia, depression); -the age of patients from 50 to 80 years.
Exclusion criteria: -age up to 18 years; Depending on the location of the electrodes, such stimulation leads to a variety of effects, from relieving chronic pain and treating mental illness in patients, to accelerating learning and improving concentration in healthy people.
The principle of tDCS is not too complicated. Electrodes applied to the scalp act on the brain with a weak direct current (1-2 milliamperes). A positively charged electrode ("anode") reduces the potential difference on the membrane of neurons, which facilitates their excitation in the event of signals from neighboring neurons. A negatively charged electrode ("cathode"), on the contrary, increases the potential difference, decreasing the excitability of neurons. The result of several minutes of electrical stimulation is an increase in the activity of the cerebral cortex area under the anode, which lasts an hour or more after the completion of the procedure.
In the case of tDCS, for several days in a row, changes occur in interneuronal contacts -synapses in the neurons of the cortex. For example, they can increase in size, making it easier to transmit a signal from one neuron to another. This process is called synaptic plasticity, and it is he who is responsible for the preservation of the effects of tDCS after the completion of the course of exposure [5].
Penetrating through the outer shell of the brain, the current revitalizes certain electrical activities of the brain and suppresses certain activities. Many studies have shown that there are neuropsychological and psychophysiological changes in the areas of the brain that are affected by this method. Studies show tDCS can be a valuable tool for treating neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, cognitive de icits, and impaired concentration [6][7][8][9][10]. tDCS has three advantages: 1. It can be used as an alternative if there are contraindications to drug treatment, such as pregnant women, breastfeeding and those who cannot tolerate the drug. 3. It is a short-term and painless treatment, without undesired drug interactions, such as side effects.
To undergo a course of transcranial electrostimulation, special equipment and a daily course in medical institutions are required, few medical institutions are equipped with such devices and not all patients have the opportunity to undergo these sessions every day in clinics.
The development of simple and affordable at-home transcranial electrostimulation techniques that eliminate the https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jnpr.1001041 -pregnancy and lactation period; -the presence of an arti icial pacemaker (pacemaker); -oncological diseases; -acute in lammatory diseases of the scalp and face.
Before enrollment in the study, all participants signed two copies of their informed consent, one of which was handed out to them.
The "Aganyan" Company provided patches, and placebo patches were also prepared that looked identical to the "Aganyan" patches. After enrollment in the study, all participants received a three-month supply of patch. Additional information about the condition of patients with cognitive de icits was obtained from their close relatives. Each subject was warned that in the event of side effects from the patch, he must urgently contact the doctor-investigator. All subjects were advised to stop taking medications that could affect the results of the study (hypnotics, antidepressants, vascular drugs).
After enrollment in the study, all participants received a three-month supply of patch. Additional information about the condition of patients with cognitive de icits was obtained from their close relatives. Each subject was warned that in the event of side effects from the patch, he must urgently contact the doctor-investigator. All subjects were advised to stop taking medications that could affect the results of the study (hypnotics, antidepressants, vascular drugs).
The "Aganyan" Company provided placebo patches were also prepared that looked identical to the "Aganyan" patches that were used in 30 patients who did not take any medications during the study.
All participants in were divided into tables according to gender, age and diagnosis (Tables 1-5).
Each subject was given "Aganyan" patches and a special brochure, in which the method of application was indicated in detail. The wearable patch includes a lexible substrate, a binder an adhesive layer, with an electrode foil attached to it. Skin moisture is full of minerals, and is accepted as an electrolyte medium. Zinc foil thickness 0.025 mm Copper foil thickness 0.025 mm. This is a patented (US patent #10,420,929 B2), irst of its kind product for prolonged electrostimulation with optimum effects when used between 3 to 24 hours. The patches are comprised of thin copper and zinc foils that combine to create a galvanic pair that creates direct micro current up to 100 micro-amps and up to 1 volt.
Patients applied one patch behind each ear ( Figure 1).
The patches were applied for eight hours every third day for three months. The patch of Aganyan was applied in the patient's home, procedures were performed by family doctors of the state polyclinic of the patronage service.
Patients were warned that if any discomfort (redness, itching of the skin, etc.) occurs, they should immediately stop using the patch and inform the investigators.
To assess the effectiveness of therapy in patients with a therapeutic pro ile, the following tests were used:  (Table 6); special brochures in which the subjects independently indicated the effects of the patch.
Diaries were distributed to each participant at the beginning of the study, illed out by the patients themselves or their close relatives (in case of cognitive de icit of patients). Tests were performed before and after the use of the patches.

Results
After processing the data, we received the following results. When using the patches of the "Aganyan" company, none of the participants in the study had any side effects (Tables 6-16).
According to the results of the Montreal test according to the criterion of memory, the following ef icacy results were revealed in patients with clinical diagnoses: -migraine 30%; -insomnia 31%; -cerebrovascular disease: consequences of cerebral infarction 22%; -vascular dementia 32%; -depression 13%.
In patients with a diagnosis of migraine, when analyzing brochures and during a personal conversation, a decrease in the number and intensity of headache attacks was noted: out of 4 men -1, out of 6 women -3. In this group of patients, positive dynamics was found in 40%. In patients with a diagnosis of insomnia, when analyzing brochures and in the course of a personal conversation, the duration of sleep increased: out of 7 men in 3, out of 9 women in 6. In this group of patients, positive dynamics was found in 56%.
In patients diagnosed with depression, after analyzing brochures and in the course of a personal conversation, an improvement in mood and a decrease in anxiety were noted: out of 11 men -5, out of 12 women -7. In this group of patients, positive dynamics was found in 52%.
The patches of "Aganyan" company have proven its effectiveness when exposed to the body through electrical stimulation with low-intensity current in patients in different age groups with different clinical diagnoses.             In patients participating in the study, side effects were not registered, no exacerbation or worsening of the disease was found.
Results with "placebo patches" in patients participating in the study effects were not registered.

Discussion
Transcranial electrostimulation alternative treatment option for neuropsychiatric disorder.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that passes an electrical current through the cortex of the brain in to alter brain function [12].
Transcranial electrostimulation modulates cortical excitability through the application of a weak direct current to the scalp via electrodes placed over cortical regions of interest [13][14][15].
The electrical current is applied to an individual's scalp usually via two or more electrodes, a portion of the current penetrates the scalp and is conducted through the brain, where it can alter neuronal excitability [16].
Since alterations in neural oscillations have been found in all major neurological conditions, it is vital that clinicians have a modulation technique for these potentially curative neurological conditions. The mechanism of action is that the applied electric current regulates the nerve cells in the brain [17,18]. tDCS is induces glutamatergic plasticity via application of relatively weak currents through the scalp in humans [19].
Known and existing electrostimulation techniques are based on the use of wires or power supplies to generate electrical currents. Apparatus for transcranial electrostimulation uses 2 two electrodes anode and cathode [25].
These electrical stimulation devices are not only expensive but also inconvenient to use, especially when electrostimulation therapy has to be administered to the user for an extended period of time.
When exposed to the "Aganyan" patches, a low-intensity electric current is passed through the skin [26]. The indisputable advantages of this invention are the absence of side effects on the human body. The positive effect of this electrostimulation is achieved by the fact that not the same type of electrodes are used at the same time, but electrodes made of different metals, due to this, a potential difference is achieved. The uniqueness of this invention is that electrostimulation can work at large and small distances between the electrodes and can be used for long-term stimulation with low voltage and current without the use of wires and batteries.
According to the results of the Montreal test according to the criterion of memory and the MMSE test, the effectiveness of the patch was noted in patients with all clinical diagnoses. The greatest positive dynamics was revealed according to the results of the Montreal test according to the criterion of memory in patients with migraine (30%), insomnia (31%), vascular dementia (32%), and according to the results of the MMSE test in patients with diagnoses: cerebrovascular disease: consequences of a cerebral infarction brain (31%), vascular dementia (56%).
After an analysis of brochures and a personal conversation, positive dynamics was found in 40% of patients with a diagnosis of migraine, in 56% of patients with a diagnosis of insomnia, and in 52% of patients with a diagnosis of depression.
This novel and affordable therapy can also be used in rehabilitation, preventive medicine, and other ailments with additional research.

Conclusion
The "Aganyan" patches has proven its effectiveness through electrical stimulation with low-intensity current in patients in different age groups with different clinical diagnoses.