Correlation between hypervolemia, left ventricular hypertrophy and fibroblast growth factor- 23 in hemodialysis patients

Background: Patients with end-stage renal disease are suspected to have signifi cant volume shifts with chronic fl uid overload and fl uid removal during dialysis. In long-term hemodialysis patients, higher IDWG (interdialytic weight gain) could be associated with poor survival. Patients with the lowest interdialytic fl uid retention have the greatest survival. Certain laboratory and imaging modalities could help to asses and monitor the appropriate fl uid balance for hemodialysis patients.


Introduction
Despite improvements in dialysis treatment, patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) have a higher mortality rate than the general population [1]. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patient with ESRD, accounting for more than 50% of all deaths [2].
Patients with end-stage renal disease are exposed to signi icant volume overload which can lead to myocardial strain [3]. Fluid overload in hemodialysis patients is still to be considered a challenge in its treatment and may require emergent dialysis. A combination treatment of limiting salt and luid intake and ultra iltration during dialysis can be used to help those oliguric or anuric patients who have tendency to accumulate luid. Patients are associated with adverse outcomes including hypertension, exacerbation of congestive heart failure (CHF), and increased risk of death [4].
In long-term hemodialysis patients, higher IDWG (interdialytic weight gain) is Known to be associated with poor survival and increased cardiovascular death , however patients with the lowest interdialytic luid retention have higher survival rate [4]. Patients with IDWG ≥ 5.7% of dry weight were found to have a higher mortality risk. Moreover, Kalantar-Zadeh, et al. revealed that the risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were signi icantly higher in longterm HD patients with IDWG ≥ 4.0 kg [4].. Kim, et al found that interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) more than > 3.0 kg was associated with a 1.29-fold increase in all-cause mortality, independent of dialysis session length [5].
LVH is a cardiovascular complication among renal patients. Pathophysiologic factors involved in LVH of CKD and ESRD patients have generally been related to either afterload, preload or other factors. all these factors result in thickening of the myocardial cell which lead to concentric LV remodeling and activation of the intracardiac reninangiotensin system [6]. Activation of xanthine oxidase as well as the phosphodiesterase-5 pathway may also be involved in the development of LVH [6].
Fibroblast growth factor-23 is an osteocyte-derived phosphaturic hormone which helps in inhibition of production of 1, 25 (OH) 2 vitamin D through reduction of the activity of renal 1α-hydroxylase. In patients with chronic kidney disease, FGF-23 levels rise in response to a decrease in its iltration and/or degradation by the diseased kidney. Interdialytic volume load might be associated with increased LVMI and FGF-23 level [7].

Aim of the work
To evaluate correlation between hypervolemia, left ventricular hypertrophy and FGF-23 in hemodialysis patients.

Patients and methods
This cross sectional study was conducted in Ain shams university hospital, on 60 prevalent hemodialysis patients in year 2019.
Patients were divided into two groups according to interdialytic weight gain (IDWG): Group I (low IDWG): Patients with absolute weight gain < 3 kg [5].
The study was approved by the Ethical committee with informed consent was taken from each participant. Three patients died during different stages of data collection, all of them were from the High IDWG group.

Inclusion criteria
Age > 18 years. Patients maintained on regular hemodialysis for at least 6 months before study and achieved target dry weight, hemodialysis sessions thrice weekly, four hours for each session using bicarbonate dialysate and heparin as anticoagulant. Patients were not allowed to eat during 4 hours of dialysis period.

Exclusion criteria
Malignancy. Severe Infection. Patients had cardiac attack in last three months. Decompensated liver disease.
All patients were subjected to: History taking including etiology of ESRD, duration of HD. Clinical examination: including assessment of dry weight and repeated reading of increased interdialytic weight gain, chest examinations and lower limb edema. Dry weight is the lowest post-dialytic weight that the patient can tolerate without intra-dialytic symptoms as cramps and hypotension in the absence of luid overload while achieve a near normal arterial pressure [8].

Statistical analysis
Data were collected, revised, coded and entered to the Statistical Package for Social Science version 23. The quantitative data were presented as mean, standard deviations and ranges if the data were parametric and median, inter quartile range (IQR) if it was non-parametric. Also qualitative variables were presented as number and percentages. We compared between groups regarding qualitative data was done by using Chi-square test and/or Fisher exact test when the expected count in any cell found less than 5. As regards the quantitative data and parametric distribution, we compared between both groups by using Independent t-test while we used Mann-Whitney test in comparison of the non-parametric distribution. The comparison between more than two groups regarding quantitative data and parametric distribution was done by using One Way ANOVA test while with non parametric distribution was done by using Kruskall-Wallis test. Spearman correlation coef icients were used to assess the correlation between two quantitative parameters in the same group.

Results
This cross sectional study was done on 60 prevalent hemodialysis patients in year 2019 ,Patients were divided into two groups according to interdialytic weight gain (IDWG): Group I (low IDWG): The number of patients with weight gain < 3 kg (32 pateints).
Three patients died during different stages of data collection, all of them were from the high IDWG group. The three patients were old age ESRD on regular hemodialysis more than 10 years. They were hypertensive, IHD also two patients were diabetic. According to researchers were done by others and mentioned in our study, the increase in volume overload was associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, MI and also cardiac death we can predict the cause of death in our three patients. Our study results were done on 57 patients after exclusion of the three patients from the high IDWG group.
There was no signi icant difference between Low IDWG group and High IDWG group as regards demographic data. HTN is the main cause of ESRD among the two groups (Table 1).
Systolic blood pressure was signi icantly higher in high IDWG group than low IDWG group, also there was a highly signi icant difference in chest examination and lower limb edema between the two groups ( Table 2).
Posterior wall thickness measured by Echocardiography (PW), Left atrial diameter (LA) and Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were all signi icantly higher in high IDWG group than low IDWG group (Table 3).
This table shows that serum creatinine and (PO4)3-were signi icantly higher in high IDWG group than in low IDWG group while the other laboratory indings had no signi icant difference.
In our study we found FGF-23 was positively correlated with weight gain, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, IVS, PW, LA and LVMI (Table 4).
This table 5 shows that FGF-23 was positively correlated with weight gain, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, Na + , (PO 4 ) 3-, PTH, IVS, PW, LA and LVMI. Also had a negative correlation with HB.
A regression analysis was done to study the effect of various factors on the FGF-23.PTH was the only independent factor that showed a signi ication effect on the level of the FGF-23 in our patients (Table 6) (Figures 1-5).

Discussion
End-stage renal disease is increasing worldwide. This condition is particularly serious in developing countries where health resources are inadequate [8,9].
High interdialytic weight gain (IDGW) is thought leads to distorted hemodynamic conditions, and most probably higher cardiovascular morbidity [3].
It has been known that patients with kidney failure are predisposed to cardiovascular disease that manifests clinically in various forms, including coronary artery disease, atrial or ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, stroke, or congestive heart failure [3].
FGF-23 was recently proposed as an early indicator of kidney injury. FGF-23 is a 32-kD bone-derived hormone with several endocrine functions in the kidney, including the promotion of urinary phosphate excretion and the inhibition     of the hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, to reduce the production of the active 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D [10].
In our study we divided the patients into two groups: Group I (low IDWG): The number of patients with weight gain < 3 kg (32 patients).
Group II ((high IDWG): The number of patients with absolute weight gain ≥ 3 kg (25 patents). In this group three patients died during the study so they were excluded.
In our study we found that HTN was the main cause of ESRD among the two groups patients low and high IDWG groups.
Our results were in agreement with A ify, et al. [11]. and Ghonemy, et al. [8]. Who found that Hypertension and DM were the main causes of ESRD in Egypt.
We didn't ind a signi icant difference between low IDWG and high IDWG regarding to age, sex, etiology of ESRD duration of dialysis, dry weight.
In our study, there was no signi icant difference in Diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure between low IDWG group and high IDWG group.
We found that high IDWG group had signi icantly higher systolic blood pressure than low IDWG group, this was in agreement with Lee, et al. [5], they demonstrated a positive correlation between IDWG and pre dialysis Systolic blood pressure.
Mominadam, et al. [12]. Found that systolic BP and IDWG were independent determinant of LVH development and this agreed with our study.
As regards FGF-23 there was no signi icant difference between low IDWG group and high IDWG group.
We found that in high IDWG group there were a signi icant higher PW, LA and LVMI than low IDWG group but there was no signi icant difference as regard to IVS, IVC and LV EF measured by Simpson method.
These results were in agreement with Cabrera, et al. [13]. Who revealed that the higher absolute IDWG was associated with a greater risk of hospitalization for heart failure, volume overload and major adverse cardiac events. During period of our study three patient from the high IDWG group died by MI and cardiovascular stroke.
Kahraman, et al. [9], revealed that there was no signi icant difference between the two groups as regards to LVH and this was against our study.
Brown et al , found that HD patients had high incidence of cardiac morbidity and mortality and echocardiographic evidence of hemodialysis-related myocardial stunning supports a potential link between the hemodialysis treatment and cardiac squeal.
As regards FGF-23 correlations in all patients group: We found that FGF-23 had a positive correlation with weight gain.
Our study result agreed with Humalda, et al. [15], who revealed that FGF-23 correlated with UF volume and biochemical markers of volume overload. This was against Minoo, et al. [16], who revealed that there was no signi icant relationship between FGF-23 levels and volume overload.
Our study revealed that FGF-23 had a positive correlation with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure in all patients group.
This agreed with Li, et al. [17] , who revealed that mean arterial blood pressure increases in long standing ESRD patients and it was signi icantly correlated with FGF-23.
Our study revealed that FGF-23 in all patients group had a positive correlation IVS, PW, LA and LVMI.
In our study of all patients group; FGF-23 had a positive correlation with Na + , (PO 4 ) 3and PTH; as regards (PO 4 ) 3this agreed with Unsal, et al. [18], who found a positive signi icant relationship between FGF-23 and (PO 4 ) 3and Ca x PO 4 product. This relationship was deliberate especially in patients with GFR less than 30 mL/min.
As regards PTH our study agreed with Carpenter, et al. [19], who found a signi icant positive correlation between PTH and FGF-23. This inding is similar to that described in chronic kidney disease, in which levels of both PTH and FGF-23 increase with declining renal function.
This was against Wesseling, et al. [20 ] and Kojima, et al. [21] who didn't ind a relation between plasma C-terminal FGF-23 levels and serum PTH in their cohorts.
Our study revealed that FGF-23 in all patients group had a negative correlation with HB. This agreed with Sliem, et al. [22]. who revealed that hemoglobin was negatively correlated with FGF-23 in patients with SHPT. SHPT may have a partial role in the development of anemia in patients with CKD. High PTH levels may contribute to anemia by directly inhibiting the production of red blood cells and increasing their fragility also can cause marrow ibrosis and decreasing the production of red blood cells.
Our study agreed with Rebholz, et al. [10] who found that FGF-23 is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease as well as allcause mortality, and that these associations may be stronger among persons with CKD. Several cross-sectional studies in CKD, ESRD, and non-CKD populations demonstrated that https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jcn.1001057 elevated FGF-23 levels are independently associated with greater left ventricular mass index and greater prevalence of LVH.

Conclusion
FGF-23 might be a marker of volume overload and LVH in ESRD patients, as it is positively correlated with (weight gain, SBP, DBP, MABP, IVS, PW and LVMI). Volume overload has a negative impact on morbidity and mortality in ESRD patients.
FGF-23 is a marker of bone diseases, as it positively correlated with Na+, (PO 4 ) 3and PTH). FGF-23 might be a marker of anemia as it has a negative correlation with HB.

Declarations
Ethics Approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the research Ethics committee (REC) of internal medicine department at Ain Shams University and written consent was taken from the patients.

Consent for publication:
All authors have approved the manuscript and agreed with its submission and publication to the journal.