Pig raising practices by unprivileged, ethnic people in Bangladesh

Pigs are highly proli ic animals compared to other farm animals [1]. Genetically pigs are two times more ef icient than ruminants in converting feed to meat [2]. Pork is considered as the richest animal protein source. But pig production in Bangladesh is in luenced by cultural and religious beliefs or taboos. As a result, only non-Muslim minority people raise pigs in Bangladesh. The estimated pig population reared in the household of Bangladesh is 326,000 which are raised by Christians, ethnic people, lower caste Hindus/sweepers [3]. Bangladesh’s minority ethnic population is 2% of the total and they inhabit in both plain lands and hilly areas [4,5] and markedly different interms of social, cultural and development status from majority group, the “Bengali” [6,7]. At present, there are about 3.5 to 5.5 million sweepers in 63 different districts of Bangladesh are ultra-poor with limited access to health, education and employment opportunities. Abstract


Introduction
Pigs are highly proli ic animals compared to other farm animals [1]. Genetically pigs are two times more ef icient than ruminants in converting feed to meat [2]. Pork is considered as the richest animal protein source. But pig production in Bangladesh is in luenced by cultural and religious beliefs or taboos. As a result, only non-Muslim minority people raise pigs in Bangladesh. The estimated pig population reared in the household of Bangladesh is 326,000 which are raised by Christians, ethnic people, lower caste Hindus/sweepers [3]. Bangladesh's minority ethnic population is 2% of the total and they inhabit in both plain lands and hilly areas [4,5] and markedly different interms of social, cultural and development status from majority group, the "Bengali" [6,7]. At present, there are about 3.5 to 5.5 million sweepers in 63 different districts of Bangladesh are ultra-poor with limited access to health, education and employment opportunities.
In Bangladesh, pigs are mostly reared in semi-scavenging system to maximize the output by employing minimum inputs such as feed, medication, time and effort but increases the interaction among pigs, environment and humans, and favors the transmission of different zoonotic diseases through direct contact or environmental contamination [8]. In Bangladesh, pigs were detected as a host of different viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Several management issues such as feeding, breeding, disease prevalence, marketing and constraints of pig production are not well reported from Bangladesh. An earlier study has reported that balanced feed was not supplied to pigs, veterinary service was not available in most cases, piglets died frequently and and pigs were suffering from different diseases [16].
We conducted this study to better understand the management system of pigs in Bangladesh. In addition, our data might be useful for future research and developing intervention in this sector.

Materials and methods
We conducted this study in seven districts of Bangladesh: Rangamati, Dinajpur, Rajshahi, Mymensingh, Meherpur, Kishorgonj and Natore (Figure 1). We purposively selected these sites for the convenience of the study to understand pig raising practices both on hilly areas and plain lands and by pig raisers of different ethnic group. We assumed 85% pig raisers would provide houses to their pigs [17]. Considering 95% con idence interval, 85% expected prevalence and 5% precision our calculated sample size is 196 pig raisers. In Rangamati, Dinajpur and Rajshahi pig raisers were tribal people and in rest of the places pig raisers were lower caste Hindus. Rangamati located at the southern part of Bangladesh and is a hilly area. Rest of the places are plain land and geographically identical. We used structured questionnaires to interview the pig raisers. Variable investigated included demographic information of pig owners, number of pigs by households, management practices, source of feed and water, cost of feed per pig, signs of disease of pigs and other livestock owned by the pig owners. For the convenience of the analysis we grouped all the respondents' udder two groups: tribal community and sweeper colony. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency tables were prepared from the data generated. Chi-square test was used to test the signi icance of the associations between different parameters, and were applicable Fishers exact test was used. Kishorgoj and Natroe under sweeper colony (88). Most of the pig raisers enrolled in this study were Hindus (58%) followed by Buddhist (28%), Sonaton (17%) and Christians (6%). Most of the pig raising family (54%) had 5-8 (Median 5) family members. Most of the pig raisers (54%) were illiterate and 43% had education below SSC (Secondary School Certi icate; grade X) level. Among our interviewee 57% (119) were from tribal community and 43% (88) from sweeper colony. Median age of the pig raisers was 37 years. We found various types of profession among the pig raisers: 41% (85) were daily wager and 22% (41) were involved in agriculture, and 50% (104) of them had a monthly income of less than 118 USD and 36% had less than 59 USD. Most of them (60%, 124) were landless and 22% (46) of them owned land ranged from 1-20 decimal ( Table 1).
Most of the pig raisers from both tribal community and sweeper colony (92%, 191) were rearing local breed (P<0.001). Semi-scavenging system (p < 0.001) was practiced   35 17 by the most of the respondents from both communities (139, 67%). Purpose of raising pigs differed p < 0.05) and 71% (147) pig raisers were keeping pigs for business and own consumption, and 21% only for business. Very few respondents (8, 4%) received training (p < 0.05) on pig raising. Different members of the family were involved in taking care of the pigs (p < 0.001) and in most cases (65%, 134) all family members were involved in talking care of the pigs followed by wives (22%, 45) and husbands (9%, 18). Spending time for taking care of pigs varied (p < 0.001) and 40% (83) pig raisers were spending two hours for taking care of the pigs, followed by 28% (57) for one hour and 33% (67) for three hours or more. Most (177, 86%) pig raisers mentioned that they provide houses (p < 0.002) for the pigs which were very close to their own house. Pig raisers from both community used different materials for making houses for pig (p < 0.001) and most of them (49%, 102) used bamboo to make shelter for pigs where as 16% (34) each used brick and mud respectively. In our study, 78% (161) respondents did not do anything about the pig excreta (p < 0.001), whereas 13% (26) either buried the excreta or used it as fertilizer. Most (92%, 191) of the pig raisers bought and collected feed for their pigs. Most (93%, 192) of the pig raisers were providing feed to their pigs three times a day. As feed cost, most of the pig raisers from both communities (92%, 191) pig raisers were spending 0.01-0.59 USD/pig/day and 6% (12) were spending > 0.58 USD/ pig/day (p < 0.001). As feed source 55% (114) pig owners used kitchen waste (p < 0.001), 54% (111) used rice husk (p < 0.001), 54% (101) used wheat (p < 0.001), rice and maize bran ( p < 0.001), 45% (94) used rice (p < 0.001), 35% (73) used arum (p < 0.001) and 28% used local wine (p < 0.001). Pig raisers used different types of water sources for their pigs (p < 0.001) and more than half of them (57%, 119) used tube well, 20% (41) used river and 18% (37) used pond. We recorded that 71% (146) farmers killed pig (p < 0.001) anytime of the year where as 19% (61) only during festival. Method of killing pig also varied (p < 0.001): 41% used spear through the heart to kill the pigs, 34% separated the head directly and 22% stroke at the head. 85% pig raisers mentioned that they comsume raw blood of pigs ( Table 2).

Discussion
None of the respondents, unlike other countries, took pig raising as only source of their income; rather pig raising was their additional way of earning. Lack of land and poverty could be the reasons behind this. Similar practice was observed in Phillipines and Ehiopia [18,19]. More than half of the pig raisers were illiterate. Such poor literacy level limited their opportunity to obtain a job in private or government of ices. As a result, all of them were involved in different low income jobs, conforming to the observations reported worldwide including Bangladesh [18,20]. Illiteracy is one of the constrains of pig industry since studies have shown that educated pig raisers can make more pro it than the uneducated ones [21,22]. Two third of the pig raisers were landless. As a result, these landless pig raisers face vulnerability of livelihood and economic opportunities which force them to engage in different low income jobs, and lead very substandard life in terms of food, housing, education and health facilities and exactly similar situations have been reported from earlier studies [16,20,23], indicating there receding, traditional and stagnant livelihood .
We have seen that almost all the pig raisers were raising local breed mostly in semi-scavenging system. Indigenous pigs are more disease resistant, produce more tasty meat, and have a satisfactory survival rate [23,24]. In semi-scavenging system the owner provide a partial feed and the pigs search for the rest from the environment. This system was practiced obviously due to lower supply of inputs or to maximize the pro it margin, and such type of orthodox system of pig rearing had also been reported in an earlier study from Bangladesh [8], clearly indicating no or very minimum improvement in their knowledge about modern and sophisticated pig farming. Furthermore, these types of rearing systems have signi icant public health importance. Poor housing with open defecation and presence of free range pigs were identi ied as risk factors for transmission of Taenia solium-taeniasis to pig raisers from different countries [25][26][27][28]. The family members took care of pigs probably due to their poverty, small farm size and to make more pro it. Raising pigs by the family members was observed by earlier researchers from Bangladesh [8,23], suggesting that they are equally at risk to the pig-borne deadly https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001028  [29,30]. Pig houses were closely located to the houses of the owners, conforming to the pig housing reported from India and Nepal [25,26]. Pig houses were made by different locally available materials which were also observed in other countries including Bangladesh before [16,[31][32][33]. Most of the pig raisers were not disposing off the excreta in a speci ic place. A previous study from Bangladesh has reported the similar observation where pig raisers were unconcerned and did not take any action for proper disposal of the waste [8].
Most of the pig raisers were providing feed to their pigs three times a day. Similar type of feeding frequency was observed in other pig raising communities [31,33]. Cost of feed and type of feed varied but more than half of the pig raisers used kitchen waste as feed. The pig raisers collected kitchen waste https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001028  Winter and rainy 6 3 Summer and winter 3 2 Summer and rainy 2 1 from different restaurants either for free or at a very minimal price, which is commonly practiced in Bangladesh and India [8,33]. They used kitchen waste probably due its availability and very low price. As pigs are omnivorous animals, they are able to consume the kitchen waste which is a mixed up of rice, ish, meat and vegetables [34]. As pigs are consuming feed which would otherwise be wasted, they are actually keeping the environment clean. The pig raisers fed local wine to pigs as they believed that local wine will signi icantly increase the growth rate of the pigs. Pig raisers were found to use brewer's by-products as feed for pigs in Ethiopia [19]. Three pig raisers mentioned that they eat raw blood with puffed rice, which is potentially dangerous as a source of communicable diseases.
Only one third of the pig raisers were breeding their pigs and the rest were conllecting piglets from different sources among which market was the major one. A previous study from Bangladesh has shown that 93.33% piglets were procured from local market [31]. Pig raisers choose markets probably due to availability of more piglets, option to choose and to get better a price. On an average there were ive pigs at each farm, which indicate that pig farming in Bangladesh is mostly a small family owned industry. The contributing factors for such small scale farms could be lack of space, lack of capital, lack of food, mortality of piglets and other constrains including diseases [16].
The challenges mentioned by the pig raisers were in agreement to the indings from earlier studies [8,35]. A previous study has reported social disrespect to the pig raisers by majority Muslims as pig is regarded as unholy to the Muslim community [8]. Diseases of pigs are one of the challenges faced by the pig raisers and those signs of diseases were reported earlier [16,31,36]. Pig raisers did not take necessary steps to treat their animals. In our study, we found that only one third of them seek support from the veterinarians when their pigs were sick. Also, pig raisers were not fully aware of vaccines and anthelmintics which supports results from earlier studies [16,19,31,35]. Parasites including both ecto and endo parasites negatively affect the growth and feed ef iciency of pigs. Several types of parasites of pigs has been reported from Bangladesh in the past: Haematopinus suis, Boophilus microplus, Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis, Ascaris suum, Metastrongylus elongatus, Stephanurus dentatus, Physocephalus sexalatus [15,37]. These parasitic disease can be treated easily with commercially available anthelmintics which will not only accelerate the growth rate of pigs, but also will minimize the risk of pig borne zoonoses [38,39]. Pigs are also infected by Foot and Mouth Disease, hemorrhagic septicemia and anthrax, which can be controlled by vaccines available in Bangladesh at a subsidized price. Pig raisers were keeping different types of animals together which is substantiated by an earlier study from Bangladesh [8] and pose the animals to the risk of communicable diseases [40,41]. Transmission of avian in luenza virus from poultry to pig has been reported earlier [42][43][44].

Conclusion
Taken together, our study revealed that pig raisers had small farms in their backyard and reared pigs in traditional ways. Many pig raisers practiced semi-scavenging system to minimize the feed cost, which on the other hand can play role for transmitting disease from pig to humans. Additionally, lack of knowledge about proper disposal of pig excreta; close contact with pigs, co-farming, unconsciousness about proper hygiene, close housing with their own dwelling places are the main factors, so far assumed, associated with the spreading of communicable diseases. Initiative from different government and non-government organization to train and aware the pig raisers will not only increase production but also will minimize the transmission different pig-borne zoonoses, and ultimately will help the receding, ethnic, resource deprived, unprivileged segment of the population to uphold their livelihood.