Iarogenic Bile Duct Injuries: Repairs Feasibility

Due to laparoscopic cholecystectomy there is increase in the bile duct injuries. It was 0.2% to 0.4% during open opposed to 0.6% to 0.8% during laparoscopic. Included in the study were 22 patients, 19 patients with two redo operated upon. Between Feb. 1999 to Nov2017 and 3 referral cases. The treatment options were end to end anastomosis and hepaticojejunostomy. Regarding the injuries, according to Stresberg there were 2A .4D injuries with injury in the lateral aspect of the ducts, 8 E1, with hepatic stump > 2cm., 5 E2 with hepatic stump < 2cm. The three referral cases were choledochodoudonostomy E1, and E2. They were treated with si ligation of cystic in two cases, anastomosis in seven cases. The remaining fi fteen cases with hepaticojejunostomy .Conclusions: The risk is more proximally. After complex injuries diversion is the best while with simple end to end was acceptable. The insertion of stents has to be individualized according to the situations of each patients and the experience of each surgeon. Research Article Iarogenic Bile Duct Injuries: Repairs Feasibility MS Abdelhamid1*, TM Nabil1, AM Rashad1, SS Soliman2 and TM EL-Gaabary2 1Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef, Egypt 2Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayum, Egypt *Address for Correspondence: Abdelhamid MS, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef, Egypt, Tel: 00201062531899; Email: mohamedsalah_2000@hotmail.com Submitted: 01 January 2019 Approved: 11 January 2019 Published: 14 January 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Abdelhamid MS, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited How to cite this article: Abdelhamid MS, Nabil TM, Rashad AM, Soliman SS, EL-Gaabary TM. Iarogenic Bile Duct Injuries: Repairs Feasibility. Arch Surg Clin Res. 2019; 3: 001-004. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.ascr.1001023 Introduction Iatrogenic bile duct injury is a challenge for the operating surgeon [1]. Bile duct injury, is a complex and serious complication, observed with a frequency of 0.2% to 0.4%. The frequency has not diminished and probably will not [2]. Less than half are recognized intraoperative, most are recognized postoperatively [3]. Many injury patterns, the irst is mistaking the common bile duct for the cystic duct. The second when the distal clips are placed on the common bile duct, and the proximal clips on the cystic duct. The third is due to tenting of the common duct, the result is excision of a short segment of common duct [4]. Right hepatic ductal injury occurs with and without anatomic variation [5]. Bismuth [6] type 1, hepatic duct stump > 2cm, type 2, hepatic duct stump < 2m, type 3, hepatic duct, con luence intact, type 4, destruction of the hilar con luence, and type 5, right sectoral duct injury. Woods et al. [7]. 1 consists of cystic duct leaks, 2 major bile duct leaks, and 3 contains the major ductal insult. Strasberg et al. [3]. A, injury to small ducts, leak in the duct of Luschka or cystic. B, sectoral duct with obstruction. C sectoral duct with bile leak, Class D lateral injury E1 stricture more than 2cm. E2, stricture less than 2 cm. E3, stricture at the bifurcation E 4, insult to right and left bile ducts. Class E5, complete destruction. When the common hepatic or common bile duct has been ligated, simple deligation and placement of a T-tube, one limb of which goes through the area of the damage suf ices [8-10]. Hepaticojejunostomy is the irst option. End-to-end repair has a high failure rate [11]. Roux-en-Y jejunal loop is the best option for reconstruction [12]. Laparoscopic end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy is promising [13]. Iarogenic Bile Duct Injuries: Repairs Feasibility Published: January 14, 2019 2/4 Patients and Methods Between February 1999 and November 2017, 22 CBD injuries were operated upon.20 patients were females and 2 were males with mean age of 48years +_ SD of 4.6. These injuries were among a total number of 2874 of cholecystectomies among them there were 564 open cholecystectomy the others were laparoscopic. The operative procedures A. T-tube placement, T-tube is inserted through a small separate stab in the lower segment then the two ends were reconstructed end-to-end [14]. B. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, 70 cm Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum is brought up to the site of the future anastomosis. End to side is done mucosa to mucosa [15]. C. Straight stent when the ends are in the vicinity [16]. Results 22 patients were evaluated (Tables 1,2 ). We did not mention any conservative treatment as we were assessing only repair feasibility, many patients were subjected to conservative management in the form of pig tail insertion in case of minimal leak, to others ERCP done with stenting to drain the biliary tree but not included in the current study as we are dealing with repair feasibility. Discussion Surgeons with experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy have high rates of common bile duct injury [17,18]. Proximal bile duct is at greater risk [12]. Table 1: Patients Characteristics and Procedures Access Injury Presentation Classifi cation Repair Mortality Open 2 2 R.I.O.I. 2 E1 1 T-tube 1 Loop (Stent) Converted 9 8 R.I.O.I. 1 Leak 3 E1 5 E2 1A 3 Tubes 5 Loop +3 Stent Ligation -


Introduction
Iatrogenic bile duct injury is a challenge for the operating surgeon [1]. Bile duct injury, is a complex and serious complication, observed with a frequency of 0.2% to 0.4%. The frequency has not diminished and probably will not [2]. Less than half are recognized intraoperative, most are recognized postoperatively [3]. Many injury patterns, the irst is mistaking the common bile duct for the cystic duct. The second when the distal clips are placed on the common bile duct, and the proximal clips on the cystic duct. The third is due to tenting of the common duct, the result is excision of a short segment of common duct [4].
Right hepatic ductal injury occurs with and without anatomic variation [5].
Bismuth [6] type 1, hepatic duct stump > 2cm, type 2, hepatic duct stump < 2m, type 3, hepatic duct, con luence intact, type 4, destruction of the hilar con luence, and type 5, right sectoral duct injury. Woods et al. [7]. 1 consists of cystic duct leaks, 2 major bile duct leaks, and 3 contains the major ductal insult. Strasberg et al. [3]. A, injury to small ducts, leak in the duct of Luschka or cystic. B, sectoral duct with obstruction. C sectoral duct with bile leak, Class D lateral injury E1 stricture more than 2cm. E2, stricture less than 2 cm. E3, stricture at the bifurcation E 4, insult to right and left bile ducts. Class E5, complete destruction. When the common hepatic or common bile duct has been ligated, simple deligation and placement of a T-tube, one limb of which goes through the area of the damage suf ices [8][9][10].
Hepaticojejunostomy is the irst option. End-to-end repair has a high failure rate [11]. Roux-en-Y jejunal loop is the best option for reconstruction [12]. Laparoscopic end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy is promising [13].

Patients and Methods
Between February 1999 and November 2017, 22 CBD injuries were operated upon.20 patients were females and 2 were males with mean age of 48years +_ SD of 4.6. These injuries were among a total number of 2874 of cholecystectomies among them there were 564 open cholecystectomy the others were laparoscopic.

The operative procedures
A. T-tube placement, T-tube is inserted through a small separate stab in the lower segment then the two ends were reconstructed end-to-end [14].
B. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, 70 cm Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum is brought up to the site of the future anastomosis. End to side is done mucosa to mucosa [15].
C. Straight stent when the ends are in the vicinity [16].

patients were evaluated (Tables 1,2 ).
We did not mention any conservative treatment as we were assessing only repair feasibility, many patients were subjected to conservative management in the form of pig tail insertion in case of minimal leak, to others ERCP done with stenting to drain the biliary tree but not included in the current study as we are dealing with repair feasibility.

Discussion
Surgeons with experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy have high rates of common bile duct injury [17,18]. Proximal bile duct is at greater risk [12].  Mostly injuries were recognized intraoperatively or soon after except two cases which were thought that they were due to partial clipping, this is supported by Jarnagin and Blumgart [12], who mentioned that some injuries evolve slowly or cause partial obstruction.
Two cases with leaking stump were treated by ligation. The 4 cases with jaundice, subjected to hepaticojejunostomy. E2, there were 5 cases for Roux-en-Y, 3 stented. The same reported by Mercado et al. [20]. In case of ductal dilatation stents are omitted. It is use was according to the situations.
Whenever juniors operate there were more tissue loss and more ischemia [21]. In the near future all these injuries will br managed laparoscopically [22].
These injuries should be handeled meticously to decrease morbidity and mortality [23].

Conclusion
The risk is more proximally. After complex injuries diversion is the best while with simple end to end was acceptable. The insertion of stents has to be individualized according to the situations of each patients and the experience of each surgeon.