Risk taking sexual behaviors among young adults – findings from a cross sectional population based survey in Barbados

In recent years, many of the countries that were most affected by HIV have registered a reduction in the incidence of HIV [1-6]. Although, this success has been largely attributed to the universal access to HIV treatment and treatment as prevention programs, many studies in these countries have shown that the behavior change among young adults have contributed signi icantly to the overall reduction in the incidence of HIV [1-4]. HIV awareness could lead to community discourses and social interactions that can in luence commonsense assumptions and meanings linked to HIV prevention. Abstract


Introduction
In recent years, many of the countries that were most affected by HIV have registered a reduction in the incidence of HIV [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Although, this success has been largely attributed to the universal access to HIV treatment and treatment as prevention programs, many studies in these countries have shown that the behavior change among young adults have contributed signi icantly to the overall reduction in the incidence of HIV [1][2][3][4]. HIV awareness could lead to community discourses and social interactions that can in luence commonsense assumptions and meanings linked to HIV prevention.
In recent years, many studies and recommendations have highlighted the importance of focusing on young people and their risky sexual behaviors, to achieve further reduction in new cases of HIV infection [5,7,8]. However, in too many cases, young people continue to exhibit risk taking behaviors which may partly be due to insuf icient information and understanding about HIV and this has been evident in reports from the Caribbean and elsewhere [9][10][11][12].
Barbados had a well-planned HIV program since very early in the epidemic which was backed by a strong political commitment with universal free access to treatment and prevention since late 1990's. Since the peaking of the HIV epidemics during 1999 and 2000, Barbados has seen a gradual downward trend in the rate of new HIV infections and a signi icant reduction in the number of AIDS-related hospitalization and deaths [13][14][15]. However, new infections continue to occur especially among the young adults (access to the surveillance data from the ministry of health). The government of Barbados is committed to meeting the targets of "Getting to Zero" initiative. Against this background we conducted a survey on HIV knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and sexual practices among adults with ages between 15 and 49 in Barbados. The major objectives of this survey were to assess the risk-taking behaviors of persons between the ages of 15-49 that may be predisposing them to HIV and to identify their risk reduction practices. In this report, we present the indings from this survey on the sexual behaviors of the young adults that may predispose them to HIV/STI and to identify their risk reduction practices.

Study design
This was a population based cross-sectional survey conducted during late 2015 and early 2016. A sample of this population was taken from among persons' ages 15 -49 years, using preliminary data from the 2010 census conducted by the Barbados Statistical Service.
Inclusion Criteria: (i). Persons must range in age from 15 to 49 years; (ii). Persons must have been living in Barbados for at least 6 months; if they are not a citizen of Barbados; (iii). Persons must be capable of giving informed consent or have an acceptable party to give informed consent on their behalf.

Sampling methods
The sample sizes were determined using the prevalence of two key questions from the 2009 and 2010 KABP Surveys. These key questions were: (1) Have you had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months? (2) Was a condom used the last time you had sexual intercourse? The sample size was calculated using a margin of error ranging from 2.5% to 5% and a type 1 error rate of 5%. A power of 0.5 was used in STATA to calculate these sample sizes since it was a prevalence survey instead of a group comparison. This calculation was possible because obtaining a given level of precision in a survey was less demanding than showing a difference between groups (for which 80% power or greater is always used). A sample size of 1068 with a margin of error of 3 was proposed.
The survey utilized a multistage sampling methodology: Stage 1 -the selection of a 10% random sample of enumeration districts (EDs) or 60 EDs Stage 2 -the selection of twenty (20) households within each of the sixty (60) EDs Stage 3 -the random selection of a prospective respondent from each pre-selected household by interviewers using the Kish method.

Survey structure and delivery
The survey questionnaire was developed from Family Health International's "Guidelines for Repeated Behavioral Surveys in Populations at Risk of HIV: Behavioral surveillance surveys [16]. It was interviewer-administered and consisted of ninety-nine closed-ended questions. The topics covered by the survey included sexual history; use of and access to condoms; and HIV testing. Participants were asked about their sexual behaviors over the last 12 months, and about their experience with their most recent partner. In order to address issues with survey design, the instrument was pretested among a sample of respondents similar to the study population.
Respondents were asked questions about their sexual practices and history speci ically:(1) Whether they ever had sex (i.e. oral, vaginal or anal); (2) The age at irst sex;(3) Amount and type of sex partners they had within the past 12 months; (4) Condom use practices; (5) Whether they ever had sex under the in luence of drugs or mind-altering substances; and (6) Incidence of men having sex with other men The survey looked at the magnitude of men having sex with men and sought to capture data on: (1) whether male respondents had ever had sex with other men; (2) whether male respondents had had sex with other males in the past 12 months; (3) the number of male sex partners; and (4) whether a condom was used at last sexual activity.
The survey speci ically examined the issue of condom use in four areas of respondents' sexual history in relation to three partner categories -regular, non-regular and commercial sex partners: (1) consistency of condom use; (2) decision to use condoms; (3) reasons for condom use; and (4) condom availability and access.
On HIV testing, respondents were asked (1) if they knew where they could get an HIV test, (2) to identify testing locations/venues, (3) if they had ever had an HIV test, and (4) if they had found out the results of the HIV test.
Due to the sensitive nature of the study, several measures were instituted to safeguard respondent con identiality including the non-recording of personal identi iers; obtaining informed consent assent from respondents ages 18 and older, and those under the age of 18 respectively; all members of the research team were trained in research ethics, interview practices, use of the Kish method and Enumeration District mapping; interviewers were assigned an ED with which they were unfamiliar; and interviews were conducted in private. The Kish Selection Method is a method for selecting members within a household to be interviewed. It uses a pre-assigned table of random numbers to ind the person to be interviewed.

Ethical approval
Ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health-University of the West Indies Institutional Review Board before conducting the survey.

Outcome defi nitions
Intergenerational sex, de ined by the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) as sexual intercourse between two persons where one partner is ten (10) years or older than the other partner, has been identi ied particularly in the case of women as one of the factors contributing to HIV transmission.
Regular partner includes a spouse or live-in sexual partner, or a person with whom you are involved in a committed relationship.
Commercial partner refers to a person with whom you had sex in exchange for money or gifts.
Non-regular partner includes sexual partners to whom you are not married and have never lived with or a person that you are not involved in a committed relationship.

Data analysis and statistical methods
The entire data processing phase of the survey entailed the use of a system of double data-entry to minimize inconsistencies in the data set. Statistical analysis was completed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Analyses were weighted to account for the sampling design and to match the age-sex distribution of the Barbadian population according to the 2010 Barbados Population and Housing Census. All proportions had 95% Con idence Interval calculated with correction for continuity. Odds Ratio was calculated for categorical variables. P<0.05 was taken as statistically signi icant.

Analysis of sexual partner
Of the 899 respondents who reported having had vaginal and/or anal sex, 749 (83.3%; 95% CI = 80.7%, 85.7%) indicated that they had vaginal and/or anal sex during the last year. Selected aspects of the sexual experiences of these 749 respondents who reported to be sexually active over the past year is shown in table 2. Further analysis of the sexual experiences among various age groups of the respondents who reported to have had vaginal and/or anal sex and who were sexually active over the past 12 months (749 respondents) was also undertaken.

Sexually transmitted infections
Overall, 48.0% and 45.5% of respondents were able identify a genital discharge as an STI symptom in women and men respectively. In terms of action taken to address STI symptoms, most respondents told their sexual partner about the discharge (75.7%) or sought advice/medicine from a private clinic or hospital (72.5%).

Discussion
In Barbados, according to latest Ministry of Health data, HIV prevalence among the adult population aged 15 to 49 was estimated at 0.86% in 2013 and the HIV prevalence was highest in the 30-39 (1.18%) and 40-49 (1.34%) age groups [17] and over 40% of all new cases were diagnosed in persons younger than 35 years of age [18]. The majority of the new cases of HIV in this country is diagnosed when the individuals are symptomatic [18]. Given the fact that usual latency in the clinical presentation of HIV infection is 10 to 15 years, most of these cases are most likely infected when they were 15 to 25 years old. The drivers of the epidemic in this population are thought to be complex and multi-layered and include early age of irst sexual activity, gender-based violence, cultural norms such as multiple concurrent partnerships and sex for money or favors, as well as the social exclusion of certain groups based on sexuality or sexual orientation. 17, 19-21 Studies from the Caribbean and those from the sub-Saharan Africa have shown that risk taking behaviors among the young adults, remain at the center of continuing spread of HIV [9][10][11][12].
Findings from this population based survey provides a better understanding of the risk taking behaviors as well as the risk reduction practices among the young adults, especially the under 25 years population, in this country as possible determinants of the dynamics of current HIV epidemics and the driving force behind the continued occurrence of new cases in this population, which is essential for implementing additional strategy to achieve further reduction in HIV prevalence in this country.
Young age at sexual debut was an important inding in this survey with nearly half of the respondents reporting to have had sex before 16 years of age. Similar indings were reported from an earlier survey of the secondary school children in this country. 21,22 This is a recurring inding in similar surveys from many of the other Caribbean countries as well [11,12]. Most countries form sub-Saharan Africa with higher prevalence of HIV have reported younger age at sexual debut compared to age at sexual debut in countries with lower HIV prevalence [23][24][25]. These indings have implications for prevention of HIV and other STI's, given the fact that in this country, condoms are sold exclusively at the grocery stores and gas stations and students seldom if ever visit these places. There is free condom distribution in this country in various settings from time to time, but none of them target this under-18 population. Much of the young adults under 25 years of age who are at university and colleges also fall in the same group as the adolescents. In fact, the idea of adolescents buying condoms or even having access to condoms in of itself would be socially unacceptable. Therefore, much of this sexually active, at risk population cannot access condoms for protection against the HIV and other STI's as condoms have not been made available in places frequented by youngsters.
Nearly a ifth of those sexually active over the past 12 months, reported having had multiple sexual partners. Even more worrying, respondents under 25 years were signi icantly more likely to report multiple sexual partners. Also, of concern was the fact that a sixth of the respondents reported having one or more non-regular partners. Of additional concern was the fact that nearly a ifteenth of those who reported regular partners, had multiple regular partners and over two-ifths of those reporting non-regular partner, had multiple nonregular partners. Once again, these igures are comparable to those reported from those reported in similar surveys from other Caribbean countries [11,12]. The concern with this sort of pattern of sexual practice, stems from the fact that usually people are more casual in self-protection from HIV/STI's when it comes to regular partners which is evident from the inding of a high percentage of respondents not using condoms or not using condoms consistently with their regular partners as they did not see the need of it with a regular partner. When these persons with regular partners have multiple other partners both regular and non-regular, as well as some with commercial sex partners, then they are putting their regular partners at a higher risk of HIV/STI's, compared to the situation where they had just a single regular partner. Also, persons often have multiple regular partners in succession with frequent change of regular partners as seen in previous studies in the same papulation [26,27]. Therefore, over the period of a sexually active life time a person with multiple nonregular and/or commercial sex partners could potentially put risk of STI's/HIV infection to their multiple regular partners without observing protective measures. These are reported to be highly risky behaviors for the transmission of HIV [28,29]. Individuals with multiple sex partners were also signi icantly less likely to have disclosed their HIV status [30] and could be a strong force for occurrence of new cases and the continuing epidemic in this population.
Another signi icant inding was that nearly half (44.2%) of those who had sex during the last 12 months reported to be under the in luence of non-prescription drug and/or alcohol and over a tenth were under the in luence of both drug and alcohol during the last sexual encounter. Similar indings have been reported form the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, another English speaking Caribbean country [11]. These are known to be risky behaviors for HIV/STI transmission [31,32]. Persons reporting sex under the in luence of alcohol are also more likely to have multiple sexual partners [32]. Several studies have reported on the risk of sex under the in luence of drugs and/or alcohol and the associated unlikelihood of condom use in HIV spread [31][32][33].
This survey also revealed that, overall, less than half of the respondents used condoms during their last sexual encounter. The condom use at last sexual activity was even worse with under 25 years respondents who reported a signi icantly lower percentage compared to older respondents. Similarly low usage of condoms (<45%) have been reported from other Caribbean countries [11,12]. Condom was signi icantly more likely used with the non-regular partners than regular partner. Of note, use of condoms in over four-ifths of sexual encounters with non-regular partners is particularly high when compared to several other studies [2,4,30]. This may be explained by the higher risk perception in sexual intercourse with non-regular partners. This higher risk perception may be re lected in the fact that condom use, was respondent initiated, in over half the times when the sexual intercourse was with a non-regular partner, where as it was by mutual consent in nearly two-thirds of time while having sexual intercourse with regular partner.
Regular sex partners of participants with multiple partnerships were signi icantly less likely (less than half the times) to be protected by condoms than the non-regular partners. Similar observations have been made in other studies [30,33]. High condom usage during sex with nonregular partners may be the result of sustained and intense public education on the need for condom use for protection against HIV/STI's in this country over the 20 years. It is a protective behavior and continuing public education is necessary to encourage people to use condoms at every sexual encounter at least with non-regular partners.
HIV testing is done free of charge at any of the government run primary health care centers. However, less than half of the respondents have had a HIV test in the past 12 months. The igure was signi icantly lower for the respondents under 25 years of age, among whom the majority of the new HIV infection is diagnosed. Similar indings have been reported in surveys from other countries [34]. More concerning, of those who reported to have been not tested during the past 12 months, had never been tested for the HIV. This is an interesting inding as normally multiple sex partners and alcohol use during sex, both of which were reported in a signi icant proportion of our respondents, are associated with heightened perceived risk of HIV infection and therefore higher likelihood of voluntary HIV test uptake [35,36]. The indings that a large majority of young adults at risk of HIV never take an HIV test and are unaware of their HIV status poses a risk to their sex partners, especially the regular partners where the condom use is least likely. Previous studies using mathematical models have revealed that approximately 50 % of new HIV infections are from HIVinfected persons who are unaware of their HIV status [37]. HIV testing provides an opportunity for people to ind out their HIV status. Therefore, knowing one's HIV status may in luence changes in personal behavior, which makes individuals more vulnerable to becoming infected or infecting others with HIV, thus helping to reduce the spread of HIV [38,39]. Knowing the status is central to many of the therapeutic interventions for prevention of HIV spread. Low HIV test uptake in this setting would make any of the common therapeutic interventions for HIV prevention dif icult to implement and unsuccessful. Delayed HIV testing makes it more dif icult to prevent the spread of the infection [40].
In conclusion, young age at sexual debut and multiple sexual partners is common. Men who have sex with men is not reported to the extent of being a signi icant contributor to the likely HIV spread in this population. Among sexually active persons less than 25 years, less than a third used condom at last sex and less than a fourth had an HIV test over the last year and these could be an important factor fueling the epidemics in this setting. Sex under the in luence of alcohol and illicit drugs could be an important contributing factor in the risk for new HIV infection.
In light of the indings from this study, several programmatic recommendations could be made. More intensive and targeted condom programming is needed in light of the practice of inconsistent condom use. Measures to enhance ease of availability of condoms to vulnerable population such as the secondary school and college students may be very bene icial. Develop and implement targeted interventions inclusive of new messages for the most affected populations to encourage the practice of consistent condom use as a means of protecting themselves from contracting HIV and other STIs. However, the development of such interventions should be prefaced and directed by the determinants of condom use. More innovative campaigns or initiatives should be developed and implemented to promote HIV testing particularly among those who have never been tested. Once again, this campaign should include secondary school children and college students as target population.