Hydraulic jump experiment in a rectangular open channel flume

This paper presents a laboratory experiment for the formation of hydraulic jump in a rectangular open channel fl ume to accurately explore the effect of fl ow structures on water resources. This experiment illustrates the behavior of super-critical fl ow under sluice gate for various fl ow rates and downstream depths. Several runs are carried out using Armfi eld Model No. C4-MKII-5.0-11 to investigate the former computations concerning both the downstream conjugate depth and the critical depth resulting within the jump. Moreover, the model is examined to explore the sensitivity of Froude number by adjusting the fl ow-meter and over-shot weir in the fl ume. Also, the type of jump attributed to fl ow velocity can thus be obtained. Furthermore, both location of hydraulic jump and energy dissipated are discussed under the infl uence of different gate openings. Research Article Hydraulic jump experiment in a rectangular open channel fl ume Mostafa M El-Seddik* Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Institute of Aviation Engineering and Technology (IAET), Giza, Egypt *Address for Correspondence: Dr. Mostafa M. El-Seddik, Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Tel: +201097931177, +201223623360; Email: mostafaelseddek@yahoo.com Submitted: 05 June 2017 Approved: 27 June 2017 Published: 29 June 2017 Copyright: 2017 El-Seddik MM. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic jump in open channels can be attributed to rapidly varied low where a signi icant change in velocity occurs from super-critical low to sub-critical low. This fact may owe to the presence of some structures obstructing the movement of low in open channels. Under-shot weir or gate is the most impressive example for hydraulic jump formation in canals where the low undergoes high velocity under gates with upstream small depth and returns back to a higher downstream conjugate depth away from the gate with lower velocity. Froude number represents the clear impact of nonuniform low velocity in open channels where super-critical low is obtained at Froude number greater than 1, whereas sub-critical low is indicated at Froude number less than 1. The main advantage of hydraulic jump occurrence in canals is energy dissipation downstream spillways where accumulation of water behind the gate is associated to the high low velocity which abruptly declines downstream gate and thus avoiding bed erosion and scour. In 1818, experiments were irstly performed by Bidone for hydraulic jump examination. Several models were later proposed to illustrate the characteristics of super-critical low in open channels [1][2][3][4][5]. Consecutively, researches have managed to introduce analytical and empirical computations for the length of hydraulic jump, energy loss and in luence of different gate openings on hydraulic jump formation [6][7][8]. Further studies have been discussed to show the relationship between conjugate depth ratio, Froude number and energy dissipated in the hydraulic jump [9]. Mathematical models based on experimental studies have currently revealed an attractive way to demonstrate the in luence of various parameters on canal performance. Moreover, such models provide a bene icially robust tool to ensure the obtained outcomes and approach more accurate results. However, the former computations ignore the existence of shear force in hydraulic jump formation. In this regard, former equations concerning hydraulic jump included in table 1 are utilized to simulate the low behavior and compared with the measured outcomes of an experimental lume (Arm ield Model No. C4-MKII-5.0-11). Also, the in luence of low structures on water level variation is studied to reveal shear force existence due to bed roughness [10][11][12]. In this paper, several laboratory experiments are accomplished to explore the upstream conjugate depth for various discharges and downstream water depths by adjusting both low meter and over-shot weir. Also, the type of hydraulic jump can be observed by simulating Froude number responsible for super-critical low under the impact of upstream conjugate depth. A novel alternation is developed to express the response of hydraulic jump accompanied by critical depth exploration using various low structures. Furthermore, the location of jump coupled with energy dissipated is investigated by varying the sluice gate openings in the lume.

Experimental open channel fl ume
Laboratory experiments are carried out on a rectangular open channel lume 5 m long (Arm ield Model No. C4-MKII-5.0-11) and a basic hydraulic bench (Arm ield Model No. F1-10-A) as shown in igure1. The open channel width is 10 cm, whereas the maximum water depth can reach about 30 cm. The transparent side walls of channel are made of acrylic glass, whereas the bottom is made of stainless steel. The lume is provided with a digital low meter for discharge measurement. Also, a point gauge is implemented for measuring water depth. An over-shot weir is installed at the end of the channel to control water depth while a sluice gate is installed in the open channel to form the hydraulic jump. The basic hydraulic bench includes a submersible pump that supplies the lume with the required discharge controlled by a valve. The water lows through a connected pipe beneath the lume where low returns back to the hydraulic bench in a closed cycle low. Several experimental runs are performed by varying the discharge and measuring the corresponding conjugate depths. Accordingly, Froude number can be indicated for both sub-critical and super-critical lows. Also, the length of jump can be measured by a calibrated scale on the top of channel. Moreover, the location of hydraulic jump can be determined by varying the gate openings. The former analytical models are simulated and compared with the experimental results in order to overcome the improper defects in such models and develop a new mathematical model that maintains more accurate outcomes. Table 1 shows the former equations regarding the relation between conjugate depths and low discharge, energy dissipated in the hydraulic jump and the in luence of upstream conjugate depth on Froude number for different velocities.

Super-critical fl ow and Froude number simulation
Froude number is associated with the change of water depth and discharge in open channels. Figure 2 shows the simulation results of downstream conjugate depth (Y2) by varying upstream conjugate depth (Y1) and lowing discharge (Q) in the conjugate depth equation mentioned in table 1. Figure 2a, illustrates that the upstream conjugate depth decreases as the downstream conjugate depth increases at constant discharge, whereas an increment in the downstream depth is obtained as discharge increases at constant upstream depth. Figure 2a also indicates that Y2 reaches about 0.1m at Y1 of 0.01m and speci ic discharge (q) of 0.01m 3 /sec/m. Accordingly, igure 2b indicates that the Froude number at the upstream depth boosts as upstream depth declines that can be attributed to the increase in low velocity. On the other hand, an enhancement in the upstream Froude number is achieved by increasing the low discharge at constant upstream depth as shown in igure 2b. Moreover, a signi icant increase in Froude number is recognized as a result of a minor decrement in the upstream depth compared to the change in low discharge that can lead to bed scouring.

Specifi c force at gate vena-contraction
Several experimental runs were carried out in the laboratory to reveal the impact of the sluice gate on the location and type of hydraulic jump ( Table 2). The experimental results demonstrate that the hydraulic jump approaches the sluice gate as the gate opening increases till the gate becomes submerged. The reason behind this fact may owe to the decline in the velocity under gate as it is raised and accordingly the speci ic force at the jump overcomes that of the gate vena-contraction. However, the formation of eddy currents in the hydraulic jump is relevant to the constant reverse slope [13]. Also, the obtained results indicate that the type of the hydraulic jump is associated with both the installed gates and the discharge. Regarding supercritical low, Froude number (F1) increases from 1.1 to 1.5 at run 1,2 respectively as Q increases from 20 to 30 l/min for constant Y2 and gate opening (d). On the other hand, F1 can be boosted from 1.4 to 2.6 by increasing Y2 from 5cm to 6cm for constant discharge and gate opening as shown in run 7,8, respectively. Compared with the measured results, the simulated Y2 reveals a higher value of about 10 cm at Y1 of 0.01 m and Q of 50 l/min . Thus, former computations should be enhanced with shear force existence to obtain more accurate results. However, the minor change between simulated and measured results may owe to the small dimensions of lume and low discharge. It is also evident from results that both the location of hydraulic jump and water depth behind the gate (H) are attributed to the gate opening coupled with discharge at constant conjugate depths. However, Y2 may affect hydraulic jump position as shown in run 5,6,7,8, included in Table 2. Moreover, the length of jump increases and Y1 decreases by increasing Y2 as indicated in run 5,6,7,8, included in Table 2. Furthermore, the change in upstream and downstream depth leads to a change in the energy of an average 0.06 m [14,7].

Validation of the hydraulic jump model
The experimental work was accomplished in the laboratory to explore the critical depth and the conjugate depths of hydraulic jump as shown in igures 3,4. Two slots 2.5 cm and 1 cm are installed as overshot weir at the end of the lume to control Y2. Figure   3a,c shows that the measured Y1 and Y2 reach 2 cm and 6 cm, respectively at 2 cm gate opening and measured low rate of about 67.3 l/min as shown in igure 3b. However, the critical depth can theoretically be indicated as 2.3 cm. Accordingly, the jump occurs just downstream sluice gate with Y1 of about 2.3 cm in such case. On the other hand, a broad crested weir is used instead of the gate to determine the characteristics of hydraulic jump as shown in igure 3d. Consecutively, another experimental run is performed to verify the critical depth as illustrated in Figure 4. The gate opening is reduced to 1.5 cm and the low rate is adjusted at 53.5 l/min as indicated in igure 4a,b, respectively. The depth of water behind gate increases to 22 cm as the gate is lowered step by step in order to form the jump just after gate. The measured critical depth can be assessed as 2 cm that agrees with the theoretical calculation, whereas Y1 and Y2 approach 1.5 cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. Also, same results can be obtained for the hydraulic jump using a crump weir where the difference in upstream levels of jump is about 1.5 cm at Q of 53.5 l/min as shown in igure 4c,d. Nevertheless, two slots 1 cm and 1 cm are utilized to control Y2 of about 4 cm In brief, Y2 varies from 5.5 cm to 4 cm by replacing sluice gate with crump weir although Y1 and Q maintain at 1.5 cm and 53.5 l/min, respectively. The reason behind this fact may owe to the change in shear stress for the jump formed by the gate and the weir [15,16].