Nutritional analysis of Sphenostylis Stenocarpa seeds partially included with soya bean meal in Heterobranchus Bidorsalis fingerling diet

The importance of ish as a valuable source of animal protein in human diets cannot be over-emphasized as lowincome food-de icit countries account for 80% of the total reported harvest from inland capture isheries and over 90% of global inland capture isheries production is used for human consumption [1]. The expansion and intensi ication of aquaculture production has been recommended towards ensuring increase in food ish production to meet up with the global demand since capture isheries have continued to be on the decline over decades, are often overwhelmed by marine isheries and evidences of unrecorded or drastically underreported, particularly regarding the prevalence of smallscale ishing (i.e., subsistence and local trade) in inland waters [2-5]. According to [6] report, ish supplies from capture isheries will, therefore, not be able to meet the growing global demand for aquatic food. Even though the ingredient composition of ish feed has changed over the past 20 years of ish farming, there is still a need to evaluate new ingredients from sources not in use today for the betterment of the ishery industries and quality human consumption.


Introduction
The importance of ish as a valuable source of animal protein in human diets cannot be over-emphasized as lowincome food-de icit countries account for 80% of the total reported harvest from inland capture isheries and over 90% of global inland capture isheries production is used for human consumption [1]. The expansion and intensi ication of aquaculture production has been recommended towards ensuring increase in food ish production to meet up with the global demand since capture isheries have continued to be on the decline over decades, are often overwhelmed by marine isheries and evidences of unrecorded or drastically underreported, particularly regarding the prevalence of smallscale ishing (i.e., subsistence and local trade) in inland waters [2][3][4][5]. According to [6] report, ish supplies from capture isheries will, therefore, not be able to meet the growing global demand for aquatic food. Even though the ingredient composition of ish feed has changed over the past 20 years of ish farming, there is still a need to evaluate new ingredients from sources not in use today for the betterment of the ishery industries and quality human consumption.
African Yam Bean (AYB), Sphenostylis stenocarpa, is a grain legume cultivated in the Central African Republic, Zaire, East Africa, and Ethiopia for its tubers and south-eastern Nigeria for its edible seeds Uche, et al. In the report of [7], it showed that both the lysine and methionine contents of the protein are equal to or better than those of soybean. Although several works have been conducted on the African Yam Bean, consumers have not been showing an increasing interest in AYB seed because of limited information on their nutritional qualities and potential health bene it.

Methodology
The amino acid pro ile, anti-nutritional factors and proximate analysis of African yam bean was studied for use in experimental feed formulation. Proximate analysis for the feed ingredients, experimental diets, ish lesh, and water quality analysis during the experiment was carried out. The experimental feeds were formulated by the inclusion of graded levels of (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) AYB into the basal diets containing different ingredients, enzyme, vitamins and micro minerals ( Table 1). The experiment was a complete randomized designed, carried out in semi-indoor with glass aquaria in triplicate for each diet formulated at 40% crude protein. The aquaria were cleaned, partially illed with water for seven days before the stocking of ish and well ventilated

Abstract
Five experimental feeding trials were conducted to investigate the performance of Heterobranchus bidorsalis fi ngerlings to graded levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of Sphenostylis stenocarpa seed meal diets. Complete randomized design with triplicate groups of fi ngerlings was used for the study for ten weeks. The proximate, anti-nutritional factor and amino acid profi le of the S. stenocarpa was analysed. The study showed that treatment C with 50% inclusion of Sphenostylis stenocarpa meal was signifi cantly different (p < 0.05) and performed best among other treatments in terms of the net weight gain, standard growth rate, and survival. The feed conversion ratio was best in treatment C but not signifi cantly different (p > 0.05) to other treatments.
Data obtained were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS Version 16.0 for windows according to the statistical principle of [8].

Results and Discussion
The effect of different formulated diets was studied on the physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total hardness) of water, and on survival, growth (length, weight and condition factor) and biochemical composition (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, moisture, ash) of the lesh of H. bidorsalis. P hysico-chemical parameters of water play a signi icant role in the physiology and other metabolic activities of ish and hence are very important for the survival and growth of ish [9]. The act of supplementary feeding improves ish growth, but the composition, digestibility and physical characteristics of feed may have signi icant effects on water quality [10,11]. The accumulation of feed uneaten or leftovers and faecal matter increases the biological oxygen demand and affects the dissolved oxygen content [12]. These above summations were guiding to adequate water conditions during the study. The temperature (°C) of water in the different treatments ranged from 26 to 26.7 °C during the experiment with no statistical difference (p > 0.05) recorded (Tables 4,5). Fish are cold-blooded animals and their rate of metabolism is directly with a netted material. Oxygen was provided by an aerator throughout the study period. Each aquarium was stocked with 10 ingerlings of Heterobranchus bidorsalis with an average body weight of 28.50 -28.70 grams and fed with wheat offal for two weeks during acclimation.
The ish were fed experimental diets at 5% of their body weight at 0900 hours and 1700 hours respectively for 10 weeks. The feeding of ish was done after removing the waste materials and replenishing with clean water every morning during the study period to reduce pollution in the aquaria. Sampling was done every fortnightly to record the weight of ish, condition status and subsequent adjustment of feed in the experiment. The water parameters were studied using analytical instruments. The amino acid was done using an amino acid analyser. At the end of the study period, inal sampling was done and three ish per replicate were randomly selected for haematology analysis and carcass proximate evaluation (Tables 2,3).

Calculations and statistical analysis
Parameters such as Weight gain = (Final weight -Initial weight); Apparent Feed consumed = (Estimated feed supplied during the experimental period); Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = (Apparent Feed intake/Weight gain); Speci ic growth rate (SGR) = {(In Final weight -In Initial weight/Experimental period) x 100%}.  in luenced by water temperature. Temperature range for optimum growth of ish varies with species and so does the upper and lower temperature tolerance [13]. An important factor to ensure good ish production is water pH [14]. The optimum pH range differs among species; however, the pH 6.5 -9.0 range is generally accepted for ish culture [15] which correlates with the study (Tables 6,7).
The average inal body weight (g) in different treatments increased from 28.54 to 112.10 in A, 28.50 to 76.70 in B, 28.63 to 167.46 in C, 28.70 to 162.13 in D and 28.59 to 112.86 in E (C ≥ D > E ≥ A > B). A signi icant difference (p < 0.05) in body weight was observed for different treatments. The NWG, %NWG, SGR and PER were maximum in C (138.83 g, 484.91%, 1.10 and 4.12) and signi icantly different at p < 0.05 compared to all diets except treatment D. however, the study showed that the FCR in all the treatments were not signi icantly different at p < 0.05. At the termination of the experiment, survival of ish was signi icantly different (p < 0.05) with the least survival rate in treatment B which recorded a 73.33% and treatment C with the highest survival rate of 93.33%.
The study showed that treatment C is the best result among other treatments in most of the growth parameters which constituted 50% substitution of SBM with AYB, hence, this treatment C could be used in ish feed formulation for better growth of H. bidorsalis. This correlates with the study of [16], which showed that AYB performed better in the growth of Clarias gariepinus and can be substituted in the diet at a 45% inclusion level. Data are mean values ± SD (n = 3); means in the same row with the same superscript were not signifi cantly different (p > 0.05)