Parabens: The love-hate molecule

OPEN ACCESS Parabens are the esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid [1], mimicking oestrogen, the hormone which makes a woman a woman; women love it and men hate it. However, with an excess use of this compound, even women can develop cancers of oestrogen responsive organs. Michelle ScottLynch says ‘Parabens are irst introduced in the 1950s as a type of preservative which prolong shelf life in many health and beauty products by preventing the growth of mould and bacteria within them. Common parabens include methylparaben (E number E218), ethylparaben (E214), propylparaben (E216), butylparaben and heptylparaben (E209). Less common parabens include isobutylparaben, isopropylparaben, benzylparaben and their sodium salts; all of them are synthetic chemicals. It is well known fact that too much oestrogen can trigger an increase in breast cell division and growth of tumours. Because parabens are found in a wide variety of foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other personal care products, parabens exposure occurs when these products are swallowed or absorbed through the skin, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Parabens are the esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid [1], mimicking oestrogen, the hormone which makes a woman a woman; women love it and men hate it. However, with an excess use of this compound, even women can develop cancers of oestrogen responsive organs. Michelle Scott-Lynch says 'Parabens are irst introduced in the 1950s as a type of preservative which prolong shelf life in many health and beauty products by preventing the growth of mould and bacteria within them. Common parabens include methylparaben (E number E218), ethylparaben (E214), propylparaben (E216), butylparaben and heptylparaben (E209). Less common parabens include isobutylparaben, isopropylparaben, benzylparaben and their sodium salts; all of them are synthetic chemicals. It is well known fact that too much oestrogen can trigger an increase in breast cell division and growth of tumours. Because parabens are found in a wide variety of foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other personal care products, parabens exposure occurs when these products are swallowed or absorbed through the skin, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
With the rates of some types of cancer increasing, additives in food and personal products are increasingly under scrutiny. A scienti ic review of cosmetics and their cancer risks published in 2018 in the JNCI Cancer Spectrum journal concluded that there is no evidence to suggest that using paraben-containing products leads to an increased risk of cancer. Ironically, while parabens preserve the shelf life of the product whereas may be taking years off product user's lives [2,3].
In addition, to use as preservative in cosmetics, parabens can also be found in baked foods, beverages, syrups, jellies, jams to keep them fresh. According to the CDC's National Biomonitoring Programsome drugs also contain parabens.

Pregnancy and parabens
For pregnant women, in particular, parabens are a serious cause for concern when it comes to makeup and skin lotions. Parabens can impact all stages of pregnancy; from conception to child birth. Both human and animal studies suggested that these chemicals may interfere with a woman's ability to become pregnant. Women, who are with higher paraben levels have lower antral follicle counts [4], which are a measure of egg supply and indicate fertility. Recent research has shown that exposure to these chemicals during pregnancy may up a baby's risk of increased weight gain in infancy, which has been linked to obesity in adulthood [5], however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) says studies have not yet de initively proven that parabens harm your or your baby's health but it may be the case where FDA acted in the case of "Coca cola' [6].
Pregnant mothers with the highest paraben levels had a greater chance of having a preterm birth and that babies conceived to these mothers had decreased gestational age at birth, lower birth weight, and decreased body length [7]. Another study found that women with higher urinary levels of methylparaben and ethylparaben were likely to have less children compared with women with lower levels [8].
Many studies in rodents sounded the alarm that parabens are a cause for concern. For example, one study in rats found that oral exposure to methylparaben during pregnancy increased litter size, but also increased mortality of the offspring from postnatal day seven onwards. This was probably due to abnormalities in the mammary glands of the mothers [9]. Other researchers observed that butylparaben exposure to pregnant rats was harmful to the reproductive system of male offspring [10,11]. These offspring had higher oestrogen levels. In animal studies, maternal exposure to parabens also damages testicular structure and function in the male offspring, causing abnormalities in their sperm when they become adults [10]. A similar effect occurred when 3-week old rats were exposed to butylparaben. The sperm count in these animals dropped by more than 58% compared with rats not given butylparaben [11]. The daily sperm production in the test is also signi icantly declined. And serum testosterone levels dropped as well.
The harm that parabens may cause to infants extends beyond reproductive problems. Butylparaben given to pregnant animals orally and subcutaneously was associated with problems with social interactions, learning, and memory in the offspring [12]. The problems were similar to those seen when the researchers induced autism in rats. In another study, isobutylparaben given to pregnant rats subcutaneously led to anxiety and reduced learning performance in mature male offspring [13]. Cosmetic and beauty Ingredients such as the vitamin A derivatives (Retin-A, Retinol and Retinyl Palmitate) can lead to dangerous birth defects. Chemicals such as, Tazorac, Accutane, Benzoyl Peroxide, Salicylic acids. Essential Oils. Hydroquinone. ..Aluminum chloride. ..Formaldehyde. Sunscreen Chemical should be avoided during pregnancy As a result, parabens may contribute to fertility problems and an increased risk of breast cancer. Parabens have also been known to disrupt baby growth during foetal gestation and the irst years of life. When it comes to paraben dangers, experts are still trying to igure out exactly how parabens are absorbed into the body. More research is needed to determine what the exact effects of parabens are on moms and babies and how those effects can be reduced. It's not known yet whether parabens have more of an effect on the babies and children than they do on adults. However, it is known that young babies are more likely to absorb parabens through their skin than older children and adults are. This is true of any chemicals, not just parabens [14].